完全混合厌氧消化处理城市垃圾的特性研究

采用完全混合厌氧消化工艺处理城市垃圾，分析在不同条件下pH值和VFA(挥发性脂肪酸)的变化过程，结果表明在不同C：N比下，TS(进料固体含量)由10％增加到20％没有给消化系统pH和VFA带来显著变化，当码增加到30％时，厌氧消化系统pH值明显下降，VFA浓度较高，VFA浓度在C：N比为15：1时低于C：N比为25：1．针对完全混合厌氧消化过程复杂、影响因素多的特点采用正交实验的方法，研究在三因素条件下的厌氧消化过程，实验结果表明，温度对厌氧消化体系的影响程度最大，TS次之，C/N比的影响最小。     

国内外关于有机肥料中重金属安全限量标准的现状与分析

本文综述了国内外关于有机肥料和农用有机废弃物中重金属含量的安全限量标准,为制定适合我国国情的有机肥料安全控制标准提供参考。     

蘑菇栽培废料的厌氧发酵研究

[目的]探讨对蘑菇栽培废料进行厌氧发酵的可行性。[方法]分别以厌氧发酵液和活性污泥为接种物,对香菇栽培废料进行厌氧发酵,研究蘑菇栽培废料的厌氧发酵特性。[结果]整个发酵过程中,蘑菇栽培废料没有出现结壳现象。以活性污泥为接种物的产气量比以发酵液为接种物的多,且整个发酵过程稳定。当活性污泥为接种物时,日产气量随原料量的增加而增加。当原料浓度为12%时,在反应第10天产气量开始骤减,溶液呈酸性。当浓度超过15%时,反应液严重酸化,可引起后继反应终止。蘑菇栽培废料作为厌氧发酵原料的最佳进料浓度为8%~10%。[结论]使用活性污泥作为接种物对蘑菇栽培废料的厌氧发酵过程的稳定性具有明显促进作用。     

天津市利用畜禽废弃物生产有机肥料的现状与问题

对天津市利用畜禽废弃物生产有机肥料的现状,包括主要原料、生产能力、产品性状、堆腐发酵方式、生产过程、实际生产量进行了概述,提出了当前存在的问题和今后的工作重点。     

天然气长输管道冬季液态排污物的成因

为了解决天然气长输管道冬季运行因管内产生液态污物而影响管道安全运行的问题,采用了蒸馏切割、模拟蒸馏、金属元素测定、色谱分析以及烃露点分析等技术手段,针对现场的实际情况,对调研、取样、试验验证及数据进行了分析研究,最终给出液态污物的来源及解决方案,对天然气长输管道的安全运行具有重要的现实意义和参考价值.     

新型垃圾复合肥的肥力效应研究

采用田间小区试验,种植夏玉米,设计对照、垃圾复合肥、堆肥、化肥四种肥料处理,各有肥处理的氮、磷、钾含量相同.研究新型垃圾复合肥对夏玉米生育性状、产量、经济效益以及收获后土壤中养分状况的影响.结果表明:与化肥相比较,复合肥的合理使用更好的促进玉米苗期生长水平,有效的提高了玉米的株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重等玉米生育参数,使产量和经济效益在施用复合肥后明显提高;复合肥处理后的土壤中有机质、氮素含量明显增加,磷素、钾素以及碱解氮参数虽有所提高,但增长不显著,土壤整体养分状况得到改善.     

Organic residues and their impact on soil health,crop production and sustainable agriculture: A review including bibliographic analysis

Despite their potential as a sustainable source of soil nutrients and organic matter, waste organic residues are often discarded rather than utilized in agriculture. This review examines the current state-of-the-art in the application of organic residues in agricultural production systems by analysing trends and results in published research conducted on their use for soil health and crop production purposes. For this, a bibliographic analysis was conducted on 81 papers collected from the Web of Science database. Our research shows a growing trend in the field, particularly in recent years, with articles from India, China and the United States at the forefront. The most commonly evaluated organic residues were compost, animal manure, crop residues, municipal solid waste and biochar. Soil pH, bulk density and especially organic matter/total organic carbon (TOC) were the chemical, physical and biological attributes most frequently evaluated, respectively. This review indicates that the application of organic residues improves soil health, positively affecting crop productivity in crops such as maize, wheat and rice. However, further research is needed to address the potential risk of soil contamination from potentially toxic metals (PTMs) associated with organic residues, as well as to identify best practices to guarantee food safety and environmental preservation.     

添加不同配比客土对改良铁矿废石复垦土壤碳排放的影响

添加客土配比的不同对铁矿废石复垦土壤的改良效果和经济成本有重要影响,为明确不同配比客土处理下铁矿废石混合土碳排放的动态特征并揭示其驱动因子,于2019年1—12月采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,在自然修复状态下,设置铁矿废石与客土体积比分别为T1(1∶1)、T2(1∶2)、T3(1∶4)和T4(0∶1)4个处理,监测日、季节尺度下铁矿废石混合土碳排放及水热动态变化特征,并于2019年4,7,10,12月测定混合土的理化性质。结果表明:季尺度下铁矿废石混合土碳排放随温度升降表现为夏高冬低的变化特征,随客土比例增大,混合土碳排放有增强的趋势,各处理间碳排放仅在7—9月差异显著(P0.05),表现为T4T2T3T1;日尺度下铁矿废石混合土碳排放最高值出现在中午12:00—14:00,最低值出现在凌晨4:00—6:00,当混合土温度较低时,碳排放出现负值现象;随客土比例增大铁矿废石混合土碳排放敏感系数Q_(10)逐渐增大(2.07～2.37),添加客土在一定程度上降低混合土pH而增加混合土有效磷、全氮、有机碳含量和过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性。综合研究铁矿废石混合土理化特性对碳排放的影响,可为铁矿复垦区土壤碳排放研究提供理论依据。     

Effect of enriched municipal solid waste compost application on soil available macronutrients in the rice field

Abstract

A study was conducted in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, to transform the normal compost into bioactive compost, which has multiple benefits to the crop system. The key players in this transformation process were Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria sp. and the waste materials like poultry litter and spent wash. This enrichment process increases both the quality and nutrient content of the municipal solid waste compost significantly. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of application of different levels of enriched municipal solid waste compost on the availability of the macronutrient content to the rice field soil. The effect of enriched compost on soil available nutrients was significant. The soil ammonium nitrogen and soil nitrate nitrogen content was found to be high in the plots where the enriched compost was applied along with inorganic fertilizer with the values of 38.87 mg kg^?1 and 32.87 mg kg^?1, respectively. In addition, the availability decreased towards crop growth. The soil available P and K were also increased with enriched compost application to about 22.46 kg ha^?1 and 647 kg ha^?1 compared with control values of 19.44 kg ha^?1 and 518 kg ha^?1, respectively. Both phosphorus and potassium content decreased towards advancement of crop growth.     

Effects of irrigation volumes and organic fertilizers on eggplant grown in Mediterranean environment

A three-year field experiment was carried out in Mediterranean conditions to study the effects of different irrigations and organic fertilizers on yield, quality and nitrogen utilization of eggplant crop and on soil properties. In a split-plot design, two irrigation treatments (re-establishing 100% and 50% of the calculated maximum evapotranspiration) and four fertilizer treatments (mineral fertilizer, commercial stable manure, anaerobic digestate and municipal solid waste compost) were compared. The highest water volume increased significantly the total and marketable yield, the number of marketable fruits, the dry matter of fruits and the nitrogen-use efficiency with respect to the treatment with the lowest irrigation. Nevertheless, the same treatment decreased significantly the fruit dry matter percentage and total soluble solid content. The lowest water volume led to an improvement of fruit quality. Anaerobic digestate increased significantly the total and marketable yield and dry matter compared with compost. Harvest index, nitrogen harvest index, pH, acidity and total soluble solids did not show significant differences among all fertilizer treatments. N translocation ability of plants and fruit quality were not influenced by the type of fertilizer. At the end of experiment, anaerobic digestate and compost reached the highest levels of soil total organic carbon and humic and fulvic acids content. Besides, anaerobic digestate increased the total extractable carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen content compared to all other treatments. Soil copper, nickel and lead content in all treatments enhanced compared to that at the beginning of experiment, but this accumulation did not represent a possible environmental risk. The content of heavy metals in the soil, after 3 years of application, did not exceed the limits imposed by the Italian law. This study showed that the organic wastes, after being adequately processed, could be applied successfully in agriculture especially in arid environments, characterized by quick mineralization and very low organic matter content.